{"id":9838,"date":"2020-10-28T06:41:24","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T06:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/?p=9838"},"modified":"2020-11-17T15:55:28","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T15:55:28","slug":"hummingbirds-black-metaltail-survives-cold-torpor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/hummingbirds-black-metaltail-survives-cold-torpor\/","title":{"rendered":"This hummingbird survives cold nights by nearly freezing itself solid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The high Andes of Peru are a hummingbird\u2019s paradise. There are few predators. And wildflowers cover the mountain slopes. Their blooms are full of the sugary nectar these birds need for energy. But there\u2019s one problem. At night, temperatures dip below freezing. Now scientists have uncovered the strategy these birds use to make it through those cold nights: They chill out.<\/p>\n<p>As the sun goes down and it gets cold, these hummingbirds land for the night. Then they enter\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenewsforstudents.org\/blog\/scientists-say\/scientists-say-torpor\">torpor<\/a>, a state of suspended animation. They no longer move. Their heart rate slows way down. And their body temperature dives. One species, the black metaltail (<em>Metallura phoebe<\/em>), chills to 3.26\u00b0 Celsius (37.8\u00b0 Fahrenheit), the new study shows.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the coldest body temperature ever recorded in a bird or non-hibernating mammal.<\/p>\n<p>Keeping warm at night takes energy. As endothermic animals, mammals and birds fuel their body heat with food. This lets them stay active when it\u2019s cooler outside. But some of that heat gets lost through the skin. And small critters lose a bigger share of that heat. Their small bodies also mean they can\u2019t generate heat as quickly as bigger animals.<\/p>\n<p>Being super-small, hummingbirds may weigh only about six grams \u2014 about as much as a U.S. quarter. To fuel their flights, a hummingbird needs nectar from 500 flowers a day. So they don\u2019t waste energy on trying to stay warm all night.<\/p>\n<p>Blair Wolf studies how such animals\u2019 bodies adapt to their environment. He works at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. Torpor has been observed in hummingbirds before, but he and his colleagues wanted to understand it better. They started by caging overnight 26 individuals from six hummingbird species.<\/p>\n<p>Putting a thermometer under a hummingbird\u2019s tongue isn\u2019t really an option. So they put tiny thermometers into the birds\u2019 cloacas \u2014 the hole where the birds expel waste (their butts, basically).<\/p>\n<p>At night, the hummingbirds perched upright. With their bills pointed up, they fluffed their feathers and stopped moving. Their bodies soon went cold. All six species entered some kind of torpor. But the black metaltail cooled the most. It dropped from a daytime temperature of about 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) to just above freezing.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey\u2019re cold as a rock,\u201d Wolf says. \u201cIf you didn\u2019t know better you\u2019d think they were dead.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cooling to near-death temperatures lets these hummers save precious energy. The next day they still have enough to take flight again and feed.<\/p>\n<p>By day, the birds\u2019 tiny-yet-mighty hearts can beat 1,200 times a minute. But during torpor, that rate plummets to as few as 40 beats a minute. \u201cIt\u2019s an astounding drop,\u201d Wolf says. It could allow these high-altitude birds to cut their energy use by about 95 percent, he says. By not wasting energy trying to stay warm at night, these birds can thrive as high as 5,000 meters (16,400 feet) above sea level. \u201cIt\u2019s a remarkable adaptation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Around sunrise, hummingbirds start revving up again. By vibrating their muscles, the birds warm about one degree a minute. \u201cYou see the bird quivering there, then all the sudden its eyes pop open and it\u2019s ready to go,\u201d Wolf says.<\/p>\n<p>His team\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0428\">reported<\/a>\u00a0its cool results September 9 in\u00a0<em>Biology Letters<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"article-footer__citations-heading___1qMZU\">CITATIONS<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Journal:\u200b\u00a0<\/strong>\u200b\u200b B.O. Wolf et al.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0428\">Extreme and variable torpor among high-elevation Andean hummingbird species<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Biology Letters<\/em>. Published online September 9, 2020. doi: 10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0428.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This bird, a black metaltail hummingbird, really knows how to chill out. To save energy at night, it can drop its body temperature to 3\u00b0 Celsius (37\u00b0 Fahrenheit).<\/p>\n<p>GLENN BARTLEY\/ALL CANADA PHOTOS\/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9996,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,27],"tags":[148],"class_list":["post-9838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-science","tag-hummingbird"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>This hummingbird survives cold nights by nearly freezing itself solid - Aviance Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This bird, a black metaltail hummingbird, really knows how to chill out. 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