{"id":8747,"date":"2020-09-10T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-10T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers\/"},"modified":"2020-09-10T14:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-10T14:00:00","slug":"spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers\/","title":{"rendered":"SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>[responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.scientificamerican.com\/sciam\/cache\/file\/E8850BEF-79AD-43D7-A670AD04EDDE3D5A_source.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Starlink, a \u201cmegaconstellation\u201d of hundreds of Internet satellites launched by the aerospace company SpaceX, has been causing headaches for astronomers by outshining celestial objects. Set to eventually include tens of thousands of spacecraft beaming high-speed Internet to the entire planet, Starlink has a downside for stargazing: the satellites reflect enough sunlight at night to be seen clearly with the naked eye (not to mention sensitive telescopes). Their brightness is only accentuated by the long trains they are arranged in, which pass across the heavens like dozens of glowing beads on a celestial string.<\/p>\n<p>Ever since the first 60 Starlink satellites were launched in May 2019, 655 more have been placed in orbit, affecting a number of astronomical observations.<strong> <\/strong>Each launch has steadily held around 60 satellites, with one or two batches going up each month since January\u2014the last did so on September 3.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, in August\u2014after more than a year of complaints from the scientific community and damage-control efforts from SpaceX\u2014the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the American Astronomical Society (AAS) released a report on the situation. It drew from discussions among more than 250 experts at the virtual Satellite Constellations 1 (SATCON1) workshop earlier this summer to<strong> <\/strong>provide recommendations for both astronomers and satellite constellation operators in order to minimize further disruptions.<\/p>\n<p>For now many astronomers can do little more than hope that the situation will improve. Although SpaceX\u2019s satellites pose a problem for astronomical observations, the company does not \u201cwant to mess up astronomy,\u201d says Meredith Rawls, an astronomer at the University of Washington. Rawls works with the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, formerly known as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. The project\u2019s steady stream of panoramic images of the entire sky will help uncover the nature of dark matter and dark energy, identify countless instances of transient astrophysical phenomena and map Earth-threatening asteroids\u2014if, of course, interference from satellite constellations does not scuttle its delicate work.<\/p>\n<p>SpaceX\u2019s initial efforts at mitigating the spacecraft\u2019s impact involved launching a prototype Starlink satellite known as DarkSat earlier this year that features a black antireflective coating. Recent ground-based observations of DarkSat in orbit found it half as bright as a standard Starlink satellite\u2014a great improvement, according to experts, but still far from what astronomers say is needed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI would not consider DarkSat as a victory but instead a good step in the right direction,\u201d says Jeremy Tregloan-Reed, an astronomer at the University of Antofagasta in Chile and a member of the observational team that assessed the prototype. The team compared it with a typical Starlink sibling using a 0.6-meter telescope at the Ckoirama Observatory in Chile and found that although DarkSat\u2019s antireflective coating rendered it invisible to the naked eye, it remains far too bright to avoid interfering with the Rubin Observatory and other major telescopes.<\/p>\n<p>These results show that DarkSat is essentially a dead end, says Jonathan McDowell, a researcher at the Center for Astrophysics at Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution, who has run computer simulations of megaconstellation effects on astronomical observations. \u00a0Nevertheless, he says, the investigation by Tregloan-Reed\u2019s team is an important step. \u201cThis study is notable as one of the first significant observational studies of a Starlink satellite, something that the community is now organizing to do on a\u00a0much bigger scale,\u201d McDowell adds. He cautions that if the satellites continue to be launched without a fix, \u201cthe impact would be huge.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the long term, Rawls worries that as satellite constellations become more common, future companies may launch them without any attempts to compromise with astronomers. \u201cIt creates a lot of systematic errors&#8230;. It becomes kind of a mess,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p>SpaceX is hoping to eventually put 12,000 Starlink satellites in the sky, and last year it filed for permission to put up 30,000 more. With those plans\u2014as well as Amazon\u2019s Project Kuiper aiming for 3,236 satellites and OneWeb, a now bankrupt company recently acquired by the U.K. government, perhaps striving for 2,000\u2014the scale of astronomy\u2019s satellite-constellation problem will only increase.<\/p>\n<p>While the dimming techniques tested by DarkSat are far from a sufficient solution, SpaceX has continued to develop other ways to further reduce spacecraft brightness. The company\u2019s second attempt at a darkened satellite, VisorSat, uses a black sunshade to reduce light reflection. The first spacecraft with this design was launched on June 3. Astronomers are hoping to observe VisorSat and compare it with DarkSat once observatories reopen, following the COVID-19 shutdown.<\/p>\n<p>Even before any detailed observations of VisorSat have been made, SpaceX seems to have doubled down on the new model. All the satellites in the two Starlink batches launched in mid-June and early August were VisorSats, with each carrying its own sunshade.<\/p>\n<p>Astronomers are not yet sure whether darkening methods such as DarkSat and VisorSat are the solution. Of<strong> <\/strong>the SATCON1 report\u2019s 10 recommendations, only one asks satellite operators to use darkening techniques. The others suggest deploying satellites in orbits below 600 kilometers to minimize their nighttime glare, controlling their orientations in space to reflect less sunlight, developing ways to remove their trails from astronomical observations and making their orbital information available so astronomers can point telescopes away from them.<\/p>\n<p>By some mix of approaches from this menu of options, it is hoped, the problem can be managed. Even so, the advent of satellite megaconstellations may have made further degradation of astronomers\u2019 view of the night sky inevitable.<\/p>\n<p>For now Tregloan-Reed is comforted by the fact that SpaceX is taking the problems seriously. \u201cThe development of both DarkSat and the new VisorSat shows that Starlink appears to be dedicated to mitigating the impact\u201d of its satellites on both astronomers and backyard stargazers, he says.<\/p>\n<p>The spirit of collaboration at the SATCON1 workshop and the creation of the report that followed it are also promising, according to Patrick McCarthy, director of the NSF\u2019s NOIRLab, which produced the report with the AAS. \u201cI hope that the collegiality and spirit of partnership between astronomers and commercial satellite operators will expand &#8230; and that it will continue to prove useful and productive,\u201d he said in a statement in late August.<\/p>\n<p>SATCON2, the next workshop bringing together astronomers and satellite constellation operators, is planned for early to mid-2021. It will be geared toward tackling policy and regulation. With the prospect of hundreds of satellites being launched in the meantime, Rawls stresses the urgency and importance of the issue. \u201cThis is only going to accelerate,\u201d she says. \u201cAnd it\u2019s a long-term precedent. It\u2019s a question of what kind of sky you want your grandkids to have.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"post-item-metadata entry-meta\">\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\">Disclaimer: Content may be edited for style and length.\u00a0<a class=\"newsium-categories category-color-1\" href=\"http:\/\/rss.sciam.com\/~r\/ScientificAmerican-News\/~3\/_yDJbTd9ui4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Story Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers Starlink, a \u201cmegaconstellation\u201d of hundreds of Internet satellites launched by the aerospace company SpaceX, has been causing headaches for astronomers by outshining celestial objects. Set to eventually include tens of thousands of spacecraft beaming high-speed &#8230; <a title=\"SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8748,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8747","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SpaceX&#039;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers - Aviance Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SpaceX&#039;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers - Aviance Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers Starlink, a \u201cmegaconstellation\u201d of hundreds of Internet satellites launched by the aerospace company SpaceX, has been causing headaches for astronomers by outshining celestial objects. Set to eventually include tens of thousands of spacecraft beaming high-speed ... 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Aviance Technologies","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"SpaceX's Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers - Aviance Technologies","og_description":"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] SpaceX&#8217;s Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers Starlink, a \u201cmegaconstellation\u201d of hundreds of Internet satellites launched by the aerospace company SpaceX, has been causing headaches for astronomers by outshining celestial objects. 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