{"id":8082,"date":"2020-09-04T10:45:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-04T10:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/googles-quantum-computer-achieves-chemistry-milestone\/"},"modified":"2020-09-04T10:45:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-04T10:45:00","slug":"googles-quantum-computer-achieves-chemistry-milestone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/googles-quantum-computer-achieves-chemistry-milestone\/","title":{"rendered":"Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>[responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.scientificamerican.com\/sciam\/cache\/file\/707259B2-24E0-4F1E-BF1C6EC2867A0BC5_source.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>When researchers at Google announced last fall that they had achieved \u201cquantum superiority\u201d\u2014a point at which a quantum computer can perform a task beyond the reach of regular computers\u2014some<strong> <\/strong>\u00a0people wondered what the big deal was. The program, which checked the output of a random number generator, was of limited practical value and did not prove that the company\u2019s machine could do anything useful, critics said.<\/p>\n<p>Now, however, Google\u2019s quantum computer has achieved something that could have real-world applications: successfully simulating a simple chemical reaction. The feat points the way toward quantum chemistry, which could expand scientists\u2019 understanding of molecular reactions and lead to useful discoveries, such as better batteries, new ways to make fertilizer and improved methods of removing carbon dioxide from the air.<\/p>\n<p>Last year\u2019s quantum superiority experiment was run on a chip dubbed Sycamore, which contained 53 superconducting quantum bits, or qubits. Chilled to near absolute zero, the qubits take on quantum-mechanical properties, allowing scientists to manipulate them in more complicated and useful ways than the simple \u201con\/off\u201d flows of current that make up the bits of classical computers. The hope is that one day, quantum computers will become powerful enough to quickly perform calculations that would take the lifetime of the universe for a classical computer to complete.<\/p>\n<p>This quantum-chemistry experiment, which was described in the August 28 issue of the journal <em>Science<\/em>, relied on the same basic Sycamore design, though it only used 12 qubits. But it demonstrates the system\u2019s versatility, says Ryan Babbush, the researcher in charge of developing algorithms for the Google project. \u201cIt shows that, in fact, this device is a completely programmable digital quantum computer that can be used for really any task you might attempt,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>The team first simulated a simplified version of the energy state of a molecule consisting of 12 hydrogen atoms, with each of the 12 qubits representing one atom\u2019s single electron. They then modeled a chemical reaction<strong> <\/strong>\u00a0in a molecule containing hydrogen and nitrogen atoms and including how that molecule\u2019s electronic structure would change when its hydrogen atoms shifted from one side to the other. Because the energy of electrons dictates how fast a reaction occurs at a given temperature or concentration of different molecules, such simulations could help chemists understand exactly how that reaction works\u2014and how it would change if they altered the temperature or the chemical cocktail.<\/p>\n<p>The simulation the researchers ran, known as the Hartree-Fock procedure, can also be performed on a classical computer, so it did not, by itself, demonstrate the superiority of a quantum computer. And it was run with help from a classical computer, which used machine learning to evaluate each calculation and then refine new rounds of quantum simulation. But the feat validates the project\u2019s underlying methods, which will be integral to future quantum-chemistry simulations, says Nicholas Rubin, a research scientist on the Google quantum team. And it was twice as large as the previous record-holding chemistry calculation made on a quantum computer.<\/p>\n<p>In 2017 IBM performed a quantum-chemistry simulation using six qubits. Rubin says that result described a molecular system with a level of complexity that scientists in the 1920s could calculate by hand. In doubling that figure to 12 qubits, Google\u2019s project tackled a system that could be calculated with a 1940s-era computer. \u201cIf we double it again, we\u2019ll probably go to something like 1980,\u201d Babbush adds. \u201cAnd if we double it again,<strong> <\/strong>then we\u2019ll probably be beyond what you could do classically today.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>So far, no quantum computer has achieved what a classical computer could not, says Xiao Yuan, a postdoctoral research fellow at Stanford University\u2019s Institute for Theoretical Physics, who wrote a commentary accompanying Google\u2019s paper in <em>Science<\/em>. Even the company\u2019s achievement of quantum superiority in 2019 was called into question by IBM researchers, who showed a way to achieve the same results on a supercomputer in two and a half days, although Google\u2019s version took just more than three minutes. But, Yuan says, the quantum-chemistry experiment is an important step toward a major goal. \u201cIf we can use a quantum computer to solve a classically hard and meaningful question, that would be really the most exciting news,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n<p>There is no theoretical reason scientists could not achieve that goal, Yuan says, but the technical challenge of moving from a few qubits to several hundred\u2014and eventually many more\u2014will require a lot of complicated engineering. A general-purpose quantum computer with millions of qubits will require the development of error-correction protocols, a particularly arduous problem that may take a decade or more to solve. But so-called noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers, which do not have full error correction, might still prove useful in the meantime.<\/p>\n<p>Chemistry is well matched with quantum computing, because a chemical reaction is inherently quantum, says Al\u00e1n Aspuru-Guzik, a pioneer of quantum chemistry at the University of Toronto. To fully model such a reaction, one must know the quantum states of all the electrons involved. And what better way is there to model a quantum system than to use another quantum system? Long before engineers develop a generally programmable quantum computer, devices with a handful of qubits should be able to outperform classical computers on a subset of interesting problems in chemistry, Aspuru-Guzik says. \u201cSo this is a big deal, but it\u2019s not the end of the story,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, Aspuru-Guzik is seeking better battery materials to store energy produced by wind turbines and solar cells. Such materials have properties that can be in conflict: they need to be reactive enough to charge and discharge quickly but still stable enough to avoid exploding or catching fire. Computer models of the reactions could help identify ideal materials for that tricky task. Such models could also be important in developing new drugs.<\/p>\n<p>Even so, quantum computers may not be the only revolutionary new way to model chemical reactions, Aspuru-Guzik says. It is possible that artificial intelligence could develop algorithms efficient enough to run usable simulations on classical computers. To hedge its bets, his lab works on both possibilities: it is developing new algorithms to run on midrange quantum computers and creating AI-driven robots to discover new types of materials.<\/p>\n<p>But Google\u2019s work makes Aspuru-Guzik optimistic that quantum computing can solve interesting problems in the not too distant future. \u201cThis is the best that a quantum computer can do today,\u201d he says. \u201cBut there is a lot of work, both in the hardware and the software, to get there.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"post-item-metadata entry-meta\">\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\">Disclaimer: Content may be edited for style and length.\u00a0<a class=\"newsium-categories category-color-1\" href=\"http:\/\/rss.sciam.com\/~r\/ScientificAmerican-News\/~3\/PpyEwp_Q9RU\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Story Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone When researchers at Google announced last fall that they had achieved \u201cquantum superiority\u201d\u2014a point at which a quantum computer can perform a task beyond the reach of regular computers\u2014some \u00a0people wondered what the big deal was. The program, &#8230; <a title=\"Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/googles-quantum-computer-achieves-chemistry-milestone\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Google&#039;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone - Aviance Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Google&#039;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone - Aviance Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone When researchers at Google announced last fall that they had achieved \u201cquantum superiority\u201d\u2014a point at which a quantum computer can perform a task beyond the reach of regular computers\u2014some \u00a0people wondered what the big deal was. 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Aviance Technologies","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Google's Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone - Aviance Technologies","og_description":"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Google&#8217;s Quantum Computer Achieves Chemistry Milestone When researchers at Google announced last fall that they had achieved \u201cquantum superiority\u201d\u2014a point at which a quantum computer can perform a task beyond the reach of regular computers\u2014some \u00a0people wondered what the big deal was. 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