{"id":8000,"date":"2020-09-02T18:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis\/"},"modified":"2020-09-02T18:30:00","modified_gmt":"2020-09-02T18:30:00","slug":"elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>[responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217;<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.scientificamerican.com\/sciam\/cache\/file\/6F07E6BE-E5DD-4553-A90487649883FF97_source.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Last week Elon Musk\u2019s brain tech start-up Neuralink unveiled the latest version of its neural implant technology. In characteristic Musk style, the billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla announced the news during a widely hyped livestreamed event in which he showed off the implant\u2019s functionality in several pigs.<\/p>\n<p>The device is about the size of a large coin and can be fully embedded in the skull. Attached to it are 1,024 threadlike, flexible electrodes that extend down into the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for numerous functions, including motor control and sensory feedback. A customized computer chip in the device amplifies signals from the cortex and wirelessly relays them to a nearby computer. The electrodes are carefully inserted by a surgical robot and are capable of recording (and, theoretically, also generating) the tiny electrical signals, or \u201cspikes,\u201d produced by individual neurons. The idea is that these signals could one day be used to one day do things such as restore movement to people who are paralyzed or create a visual prosthesis for blindness.<\/p>\n<p>During Musk\u2019s demonstration, he strolled near a pen containing several pigs, some of which had Neuralink implants. One animal, named Gertrude, had hers for two months. The device\u2019s electrodes were situated in a part of Gertrude\u2019s cortex that connected to neurons in her snout. And for the purposes of the demo, her brain signals were converted to audible bleeps that became more frequent as she sniffed around the pen and enjoyed some tasty treats. Musk also showed off a pig whose implant had been successfully removed to show that the surgery was reversible. Some of the other displayed pigs had multiple implants.<\/p>\n<p>Neuralink, which was founded by Musk and a team of engineers and scientists in 2016, unveiled an earlier, wired version of its implant technology in 2019. It had several modules: the electrodes were connected to a USB port in the skull, which was intended to be wired to an external battery and a radio transmitter that were located behind the ear. The latest version consists of a single integrated implant that fits in a hole in the skull and relays data through the skin via a Bluetooth radio. The wireless design makes it seem much more practical for human use but limits the bandwidth of data that can be sent, compared with state-of-the-art brain-computer interfaces.<\/p>\n<p>The company\u2019s goal, Musk said in the demo, is to \u201csolve important spine and brain problems with a seamlessly implanted device\u201d\u2014a far cry from his previously stated, much more fantastic aim of allowing humans to merge with artificial intelligence. This time Musk seemed more circumspect about the device\u2019s applications. As before, he insisted the demonstration was purely intended as a recruiting event to attract potential staff.<\/p>\n<p>Neuralink\u2019s efforts build on decades of work from researchers in the field of brain-computer interfaces. Although technically impressive, this wireless brain implant is not the first to be tested in pigs or other large mammals. About a decade ago Brown University scientists David Borton and Arto Nurmikko and their colleagues developed a wireless neurosensor that was capable of recording neural activity from pigs and monkeys. In 2016 the researchers showed it could be used to help paralyzed monkeys walk.* \u201cNeuralink, with a lot of creativity, has been able to cut and paste a lot of stuff that the field has developed,\u201d Nurmikko says. The technology may not be unique, he adds. But \u201cmight it have a robust future in terms of actually getting into humans? That\u2019s kind of the pending question, and the answer could very well be yes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Musk and Neuralink are devoting significant resources to their project. \u201cIt is an extremely well-funded, focused effort. They said they have 100 people working on this,\u201d says Ken Shepard, a professor of electrical and biomedical engineering at Columbia University. \u201cThat&#8217;s a level of resources that is pretty impressive to work on something like this. I think that gives them a real advantage over other groups.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Neuralink\u2019s robotic technology for inserting flexible electrodes is very notable, Shepard says. There will be challenges in scaling up the number of polymer electrodes, or \u201cthreads,\u201d and the interconnections between them and the integrated circuit chip, he says. The data bandwidth will also have to increase: recording from 1,000 electrodes yields a large amount of information, so Neuralink must compress it to relay it over Bluetooth.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhere we\u2019re at is: we have [basically] a prototype of the iPhone, and there are a whole bunch of refinements that need to be done\u201d in terms of the surgery, the device itself, the wireless range, data transfer, and so on, says Shivon Zilis, a project director at Neuralink. \u201cThere are so many optimizations that have to happen in between prototype and the thing that you are super-duper proud of that you want to [show] consumers as your first product.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently granted Neuralink a \u201cbreakthrough device\u201d designation, which essentially means the company has submitted the paperwork to start the process of gathering the data necessary for FDA approval. There are numerous challenges to overcome before the device could be ready for human use, however. It will have to be shown to be safe and not cause any damage to brain tissue. And its sensitive electronics must be able to withstand the corrosive environment of the human body.<\/p>\n<p>Neuralink is not the only company venturing into the realm of brain-computer interfaces. An Austin-based company called Paradromics\u2014funded by the U.S. government\u2019s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\u2014is also developing one potentially capable of recording signals from tens of thousands of neurons. The project aims to restore communication to people with paralysis who have lost the ability to speak or type. And the Culver City, Calif.\u2013based company Kernel is developing a helmetlike device for monitoring brain signals noninvasively, which can be used to do things such as identify what song a person is listening to. It lacks the resolution of Neuralink\u2019s device and similar implanted systems but has the benefit of not requiring brain surgery.<\/p>\n<p>Still, devices such as Neuralink will likely be made less invasive over time as electrodes become thinner and more flexible and as robotic insertion becomes more streamlined. Musk has previously compared the process to LASIK eye surgery, which is now routine. But as with any surgery, the reward will have to be weighed against the risk. Shepard thinks noninvasive approaches have real advantages for applications involving healthy people. \u201cIt\u2019s hard for me to imagine, in my lifetime, a day in which a healthy person would have surgery to have [an implant] put in their brain,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>*<em>Editor\u2019s Note: The author worked as an undergraduate in a lab led by Leigh Hochberg of Brown University, who is an adviser to Neuralink. Arto Nurmikko also collaborates with Hochberg\u2019s lab but is not affiliated with Neuralink.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"post-item-metadata entry-meta\">\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\">Disclaimer: Content may be edited for style and length.\u00a0<a class=\"newsium-categories category-color-1\" href=\"http:\/\/rss.sciam.com\/~r\/ScientificAmerican-News\/~3\/wZ61JAgfj10\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Story Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217; Last week Elon Musk\u2019s brain tech start-up Neuralink unveiled the latest version of its neural implant technology. In characteristic Musk style, the billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla announced the news during &#8230; <a title=\"Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217;\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/elon-musks-pig-brain-implant-is-still-a-long-way-from-solving-paralysis\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217;\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8001,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8000","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Elon Musk&#039;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#039;Solving Paralysis&#039; - Aviance Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Elon Musk&#039;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#039;Solving Paralysis&#039; - Aviance Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217; Last week Elon Musk\u2019s brain tech start-up Neuralink unveiled the latest version of its neural implant technology. In characteristic Musk style, the billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla announced the news during ... 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Aviance Technologies","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Elon Musk's Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from 'Solving Paralysis' - Aviance Technologies","og_description":"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Elon Musk&#8217;s Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from &#8216;Solving Paralysis&#8217; Last week Elon Musk\u2019s brain tech start-up Neuralink unveiled the latest version of its neural implant technology. In characteristic Musk style, the billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla announced the news during ... 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