{"id":6936,"date":"2020-08-19T10:45:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-19T10:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/times-arrow-flies-through-500-years-of-classical-music-physicists-say\/"},"modified":"2020-08-19T10:45:00","modified_gmt":"2020-08-19T10:45:00","slug":"times-arrow-flies-through-500-years-of-classical-music-physicists-say","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/times-arrow-flies-through-500-years-of-classical-music-physicists-say\/","title":{"rendered":"Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>[responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.scientificamerican.com\/sciam\/cache\/file\/C58DD1AB-A61B-4492-A23FD51E027ED0A0_source.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>What, exactly, makes music to the ears? Time will tell, according to a new study of five centuries\u2019 worth of compositions.<\/p>\n<p>Using techniques derived from statistical mechanics\u2014typically used to study large groups of particles\u2014a team of physicists has mathematically measured the \u201ctime irreversibility\u201d of more than 8,000 pieces of Western classical music. Published in <em>Physical Review Research<\/em> in July, their study quantifies what many listeners intuit: noise can sound the same played forwards or backwards in time, but composed music sounds dramatically different in those two time directions.<\/p>\n<p>Time irreversibility\u2014the existence of an \u201carrow of time\u201d\u2014is a concept drawn from fundamental physics, first formulated in 1927 by the British astronomer Arthur Eddington. But it is meaningful in many contexts, says Lucas Lacasa, a physicist at Queen Mary University of London and a co-author of the study. One can see it in action over breakfast: think of the implausibility of unscrambling an egg and returning it to a pristinely pieced-back-together shell. But until now, Lacasa says, it \u201chasn\u2019t been measured at all in music.\u201d Lacasa became interested in analyzing music through conversations with co-authors Gustavo Mart\u00ednez-Mekler, of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and Alfredo Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinoza, of the University of Pennsylvania, both of whom are physicists and musicians. By finding patterns across large bodies of composed music, they were hoping to find hints as to what makes a successful composer.<\/p>\n<p>Compared to systems made of millions of particles, a typical musical composition consisting of thousands of notes is relatively short. Counterintuitively, that brevity makes statistically studying most music much harder, akin to determining the precise trajectory of a massive landslide based solely on the motions of a few tumbling grains of sand. However, for this study, Lacasa and his co-authors exploited and enhanced novel methods particularly successful at extracting patterns from small samples. By translating sequences of sounds from any given composition into a specific type of diagrams or graphs, the researchers were able to marshal the power of graph theory to calculate time irreversibility.<\/p>\n<p>This is far from the first statistical study of music. In his 1963 book <em>Formalized Music,<\/em> composer and music theorist Iannis Xenakis used matrices and differential equations to buttress arguments about the nature of music and musical composition. Boldly, he posed that \u201cmuch like a god, a composer may \u2026 invert Eddington&#8217;s \u2018arrow of time.\u2019\u201d But confirming this contention proved elusive. This study, however, validates the claim\u2014most compositions studied were found to follow an arrow of time.<\/p>\n<p>Systems that are time reversible, under statistical analysis, seem the same when the arrow of time is flipped. The unstructured static hiss of white noise is one example. A different kind of noise prevalent in biological systems, dubbed \u201cpink noise,\u201d is also time reversible, and by certain statistical measures is almost indistinguishable from music. Specifically, when analyzing how much power each frequency component within a musical piece tends to have, scientists find the same distribution as in pink noise. Consequently, music has been accepted to be a type of pink noise.<\/p>\n<p>The new study challenges this association, demonstrating that despite such basic similarities music has more structure than pink noise, and that this structure is meaningful. \u201cIrreversibility gives you an idea of change in time; it approaches the idea of a narrative,\u201d Mart\u00ednez-Mekler says. Music being time irreversible, then, might reflect a composer\u2019s effort to tell a story through the progression of notes.<\/p>\n<p>Time irreversibility is related to a measure of disorder that, in physics, is called entropy. The composition having the most entropy would be a strictly random shuffle of sounds. It would also look the same\u2014fully disordered\u2014in all time directions, thus displaying no arrow of time. Conversely, the most time irreversible composition would be that which is the least random, possessing the least amount of entropy and the most structure. In this sense, measuring time irreversibility might reflect how singular a particular composer\u2019s style is\u2014the difference, say, between the gaudy violinist Nicolo Paganini and the melancholy lutenist John Dowland.<\/p>\n<p>Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinoza, Mart\u00ednez-Mekler and Lacasa wondered whether the time irreversibility score their analysis assigned to each composer could accurately reflect the aesthetic properties of that composer\u2019s music. Past studies of music as pink noise spurred similar questions. To be enjoyable, it seems, music must strike a balance of predictability and surprise\u2014a property pink noise is considered to possess. \u201cThe ordered way in which we create music is sort of an optimization process\u201d says Jesse Berezovsky, a physicist at Case Western Reserve University who was not involved with the study. He has also used statistical mechanics methods to study music, finding that its rules emerge at the middle ground between dissonance and complexity. In a time irreversible music piece, the sense of directionality in time may help the listener generate expectations. The most compelling compositions, then, would be those that balance between breaking those expectations and fulfilling them\u2014a sentiment with which anyone anticipating a catchy tune\u2019s \u201chook\u201d would agree.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, interpreting statistical results can be incredibly complicated. Elizabeth H. Margulis, director of the Music Cognition Lab at Princeton University, cautions that only melodies were considered in the study. She also raises the issue of cultural factors; listeners from different cultures perceive music differently. As Berezovsky explains, physicists often make simplifying assumptions to capture the essence of otherwise intractably complicated systems. This works well for studying the statistical mechanics of collections of atoms, but may have limited use for music, which is, for many, more than just a collection of sounds. \u201cQuantitative tools are essential\u201d to statistical studies of music, Margulis says, but combining them with \u201csensitive cultural insight is more likely to produce useful results.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Mart\u00ednez-Mekler is excited about how much more there is to learn. For one, the statistical tools he and his co-authors developed could be applied to a wealth of more contemporary, more global compositions. Echoing Margulis, he would like to consider harmony and rhythm, in addition to melody, in future analyses.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMusic is a very complicated phenomenon that emerged from many different interactions or constructions in society,\u201d Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinoza says, acknowledging the complexities inherent to its study. But he trusts that structures we find pleasing in music reflect something about the way we hear our own thoughts play inside our heads. This research has only just started to demonstrate that, through composition, great musicians translate some of the patterning of our minds into the orderliness of music.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"post-item-metadata entry-meta\">\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\">Disclaimer: Content may be edited for style and length.\u00a0<a class=\"newsium-categories category-color-1\" href=\"http:\/\/rss.sciam.com\/~r\/ScientificAmerican-News\/~3\/4VFZIENw5jc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Story Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say What, exactly, makes music to the ears? Time will tell, according to a new study of five centuries\u2019 worth of compositions. Using techniques derived from statistical mechanics\u2014typically used to study large groups of &#8230; <a title=\"Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/aviancetechnologies.com\/blog\/times-arrow-flies-through-500-years-of-classical-music-physicists-say\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6937,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Time&#039;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say - Aviance Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Time&#039;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say - Aviance Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say What, exactly, makes music to the ears? Time will tell, according to a new study of five centuries\u2019 worth of compositions. Using techniques derived from statistical mechanics\u2014typically used to study large groups of ... 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Aviance Technologies","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Time's Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say - Aviance Technologies","og_description":"\u00a0\u00a0 [responsivevoice_button rate=&#8221;1\u2033 pitch=&#8221;1.2\u2033 volume=&#8221;0.8\u2033 voice=&#8221;US English Female&#8221; buttontext=&#8221;Story in Audio&#8221;] Time&#8217;s Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music, Physicists Say What, exactly, makes music to the ears? Time will tell, according to a new study of five centuries\u2019 worth of compositions. Using techniques derived from statistical mechanics\u2014typically used to study large groups of ... 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